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Anatomy and Physiology

Human anatomy is the science that deals with the physical morphology and structure of the human body.

Human anatomy is further divided into two groups; gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy involves study related to anatomical structures that can be seen with unaided eyes, while microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures, histology, and cytology.
Humans belong to the Subphylum Vertebrate of the Phylum Chordata as they have the characteristic internal skeleton with a backbone of vertebrae.
Other typical mammalian structures in humans include hair, mammary glands, and highly developed sense organs.
Besides, among mammals, humans have a predominantly two-legged (bipedal) posture, along with a highly developed intellectual.
The chemical composition of the human body is composed of water and organic compounds like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
The human body is composed of specialized systems for different purposes; the digestive system for digestion, the respiratory system for respiration, the reproductive system for reproduction, and the skeletal and muscular system for movement.
Cells are the fundamental units of the human body consisting of trillions of cells in the body. The cells together form tissues.
Four basic types of tissues are found in humans, each of which is specialized for a particular purpose; epithelial tissue for covering the body, muscular tissue for movement, nerve tissues for signaling, and connective tissue for transport of nutrients.
The following organization of the human body is organs. An organ is composed of a group of specialized tissues from a structural and functional unit.
Organs are followed by the system as the final organization of the human body. The body includes nine major organ systems, each composed of various organs and tissues that work together as a functional unit. 
Information on human anatomy is essential during the analysis of signs of symptoms of different diseases and disease diagnoses.
It also allows an understanding of the relationship between different organ systems and the changes occurring in the body’s anatomy during growth.

Human physiology is a branch of natural science that deals with the functioning of the human body.

It includes various physiological activities like digestion, respiration, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and excretion, all of which occur in a coordinated way between various organs and systems.
Physiology includes the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, and biochemical functioning of a healthy human body.
A normal human body works as a result of the regulated system of networking between different systems. These interactions work towards maintaining homeostasis.
The concept of homeostasis is important in human physiology as it explains that the internal environment of an organism moves in a direction to maintain an equilibrium.
In the human body, homeostasis is maintained at the system level with each system trying to maintain its homeostasis.
Human physiology, like human anatomy, describes the mechanisms from the molecular to the cellular level, integrating the working of the entire body.
Based on the information obtained via studies done on human physiology, it is understood that the cells, tissues, organs, and systems together work to maintain a healthy human body.
Besides, certain compounds or chemicals produced in the body like enzymes and hormones also aid in the process of human physiology.
A slight change in the working of a single organ in the body might affect the working of the entire body overall.
Human physiology is closely related to human anatomy where the anatomy of an organ or tissue plays a significant role in the physiology of the said organ or tissue.
Human physiology is also interrelated with clinical medicine and microbiology where different microorganisms found within the body aid in different processes like bacteria in the gut producing acid and other enzymes that aid in digestion.
During the life cycle of humans, the body undergoes multiple changes which are influenced by changes in anatomy and changes in environmental factors.  The physiology of the body thus adapts to such changes to maintain homeostasis.

Types of Muscle Tissue (Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac Muscle)

July 16, 2022July 12, 2022 by Mohan Gupta
Types of Muscle Tissue

Usually, an individual has more than 600 muscles in their body that helps to move, breathe, see, lift, or stay still. For example, the heart is a muscle that pumps … Read more

What is Muscle Contraction?- Definition and Mechanism

February 5, 2023July 10, 2022 by Mohan Gupta
cross-bridge formation

When we are involved in certain kinds of activities, then muscle starts to tighten, contract, shorten, or lengthen, and this phenomenon is called muscle contraction. Muscle contraction occurs along with … Read more

Sarcomere- Definition, Structure, Diagram, and Functions

July 7, 2022 by Mohan Gupta
Structure of Sarcomere

A sarcomere is a complex multicomponent biological system and functional unit of striated muscle which plays a vital role in transforming the chemical energy released upon the ATP hydrolysis into … Read more

Human Male Reproductive System- Organs, Structure, Functions

September 5, 2022July 2, 2022 by Anupama Sapkota
Organs of the Male Reproductive System

A male reproductive system is a group of organs and hormones that play a role in human reproduction. These organs and hormones are present either inside or outside the pelvis. … Read more

Disorders and Diseases of the Human Digestive System

February 4, 2023June 29, 2022 by Sagar Aryal
Disorders and Diseases of the Human Digestive System

The primary purpose of the gastrointestinal tract is to break food down into nutrients, which can be absorbed into the body to provide energy. Food must be ingested into the … Read more

Human Embryogenesis- Definition, Process, Stages

February 4, 2023June 29, 2022 by Yashaswi Sharma

Human embryogenesis steps Human embryogenesis is completed in two stages: (a)  Germinal stage and (b)  Embryonic period proper stage Image Source: intranet.tdmu.edu.ua Germinal Stage: Embryonic period proper: Gastrulation Neurulation Organogenesis … Read more

Integumentary System- Definition, organs, functions, diseases

January 11, 2023June 19, 2022 by Anupama Sapkota
Integumentary System

Figure: The Integumentary System. Image Source: Wikipedia, InformedHealth.org and Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Integumentary System definition The integumentary system is a system comprised of organs that are the outermost protective covering of … Read more

Menstrual Cycle- Definition, Hormones, Phases, Diagram

September 5, 2022May 27, 2022 by Anupama Sapkota
Menstrual Cycle

Menstrual Cycle Definition The menstrual cycle is the process of discharge of blood and other things from the vagina of a woman every month from puberty to menopause excluding pregnancy. … Read more

Lungs- Definition, Structure, Location, Functions, Diseases

June 13, 2022May 21, 2022 by Shouri Kushal
Lungs

Lungs are the respiratory organs in our body. All the gas exchange that occurs in our body takes place in the lungs. Normally humans have two lungs on either side … Read more

Gonads (Ovaries and Testes)- Definition, Structure, Hormones, Functions

May 19, 2022May 15, 2022 by Anupama Sapkota
Gonads (Ovaries and Testes)

What are Gonads? Gonads Definition The male and female gonads are endocrine glands that produce sex hormones essential for the development of reproductive organs and the proper functioning of the … Read more

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