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Genetics

Genetics is a branch of natural science that deals with heredity due to the transmission of genes, gene regulation, and gene manipulation.

  • Genetics is a connecting link between many disciplines like microbiology, biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture.
  • Studies involving genes and chromosomes of living beings began quite late as it requires significant advances in the microscopy area.
  • The influence of heredity and its application of cultivation and production improved organisms, however, had been recognized since ancient times.
  • The study of genes and genetics began as a major concept after studies made by Mendel on pea plants. It was further strengthened and flourished by the works of Morgan.
  • Eventually, genetics became a distinct area of study with the identification of genes and the study of genes at different levels, including their role in the cell, their regulation, and their expression.
  • Initially, genetics was limited to understanding the concept and process of heredity via techniques like the formation of Punnet’s square. With the development of techniques like X-ray diffraction, the structure of DNA, and the presence of genetic code were established. This paved the way for modern genetics.
  • Modern genetics focuses on the chemical composition of structures found in genes like the DNA that influences the chemical reactions taking place in the cell.
  • Gene expression is influenced by two major factors; the genetic composition and the influence of the environment.
  • The influence of the environment on gene expression can be distinctly observed in green plants where the gene responsible for the formation of chlorophyll is only expressed in the presence of sunlight.
  •  Genes, through the proteins they encode, determine how efficiently foods and chemicals are metabolized, how effectively toxins are detoxified, and even how vigorously infections are targeted.
  • Processes like mutations are now a significant cause of major genetic diseases. The mutations might arise due to a complex combination of genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors.

Somatic Mutation- Definition, Causes, Outcomes, Diseases

March 22, 2023 by Nidhi Dewangan
Somatic Mutation

Cells regularly go through mutational changes as a part of evolution. Mutation refers to the changes that occur in the DNA sequences during the replication process of cell division. It … Read more

Euchromatin- Definition, Structure, Functions, Regulation

March 19, 2023 by Nidhi Dewangan
Euchromatin

Chromatin is a relative term used to describe the association of DNA and histone proteins in the formation of chromosomes. It is observed that chromatin is made of proteins (50-60%), … Read more

Genotypic Ratio- Definition, Calculation and 3 Examples

January 18, 2023 by Bikash Dwivedi
Genotypic Ratio

The genotypic ratio is the depiction of the ratio of the resulting patterns and frequencies of inherited genes after crossing in the offspring of organisms. In simple language, it is … Read more

Phenotypic Ratio- Definition, Calculation, Significances, Examples

January 6, 2023 by Bikash Dwivedi
Phenotypic Ratio

The phenotypic ratio depicts the ratio or probability of the resulting patterns and frequencies of inherited observable traits in the offspring of organisms. Phenotype is the morphological characteristic of an … Read more

Cladistics- Definition, Terms, Steps, vs. Phenetics

January 5, 2023 by Bikash Dwivedi
Cladistics

Cladistics is a method to classify organisms based on their evolutionary history or relationships. It describes the sequence of the branching of ancestral lines. What are Clades? Cladistics is used … Read more

Pedigree Chart- Definition, Interpretation, Symbols, Significances

December 17, 2022December 17, 2022 by Bikash Dwivedi
Pedigree Chart

A pedigree chart is an illustration that represents the presence and emergence of different phenotypes of a significant gene of an organism and the way it passes from its ancestors … Read more

Semiconservative DNA Replication in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

December 13, 2022 by Dibyak Kapali
Semiconservative DNA Replication

In the semiconservative model of DNA replication, two copies of the original DNA molecule are produced, each copy containing one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. In addition to … Read more

Okazaki Fragments- Definition, Formation, Significances

December 13, 2022 by Dibyak Kapali
Okazaki Fragments

Okazaki fragments are short DNA nucleotide sequences with an RNA primer at the 5′ end that are synthesized discontinuously and later joined by the enzyme DNA ligase to form the … Read more

Genotype- Definition, Genes, Alleles, Genotyping, Network

December 23, 2022December 13, 2022 by Dibyak Kapali
Genotype

The genetic composition of an individual cell or organism that determines or influences its phenotype is known as its genotype. The following relationship has frequently been used to illustrate how … Read more

Phenotype- Definition, Expression, Types, Examples, Significance

November 23, 2022 by Dibyak Kapali
Phenotype

The whole set of characteristics that an organism exhibits, as determined by the expression of its genes, as well as by environmental influences and random variation, is known as its … Read more

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