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Genetics

Genetics is a branch of natural science that deals with heredity due to the transmission of genes, gene regulation, and gene manipulation.

  • Genetics is a connecting link between many disciplines like microbiology, biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture.
  • Studies involving genes and chromosomes of living beings began quite late as it requires significant advances in the microscopy area.
  • The influence of heredity and its application of cultivation and production improved organisms, however, had been recognized since ancient times.
  • The study of genes and genetics began as a major concept after studies made by Mendel on pea plants. It was further strengthened and flourished by the works of Morgan.
  • Eventually, genetics became a distinct area of study with the identification of genes and the study of genes at different levels, including their role in the cell, their regulation, and their expression.
  • Initially, genetics was limited to understanding the concept and process of heredity via techniques like the formation of Punnet’s square. With the development of techniques like X-ray diffraction, the structure of DNA, and the presence of genetic code were established. This paved the way for modern genetics.
  • Modern genetics focuses on the chemical composition of structures found in genes like the DNA that influences the chemical reactions taking place in the cell.
  • Gene expression is influenced by two major factors; the genetic composition and the influence of the environment.
  • The influence of the environment on gene expression can be distinctly observed in green plants where the gene responsible for the formation of chlorophyll is only expressed in the presence of sunlight.
  •  Genes, through the proteins they encode, determine how efficiently foods and chemicals are metabolized, how effectively toxins are detoxified, and even how vigorously infections are targeted.
  • Processes like mutations are now a significant cause of major genetic diseases. The mutations might arise due to a complex combination of genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors.

Multiple Alleles- Definition, Principle, Examples, vs. Polygenic Traits

May 10, 2022May 8, 2022 by Khushi Jain
Multiple Alleles

Multiple alleles are the presence of two or more alternative forms of the same gene present in the population because of mutation in the haploid and diploid organism, which usually … Read more

Karyotype And Karyotyping- Definition, Procedure, Applications

May 6, 2022May 5, 2022 by Khushi Jain
Karyotype And Karyotyping

What is a Karyotype? The number and appearance of chromosomes (made up of DNA and supercoiled proteins) in an organism is known as a karyotype. There are 2 kinds of … Read more

Punnett Square- Definition, Types, Application, Examples, Limitations

March 30, 2022 by Anupama Sapkota
Punnett Square in Pea Plant

Punnett Square Definition The Punnett square is a table or checkboard grid that is used to determine all possible genotypes from a particular cross. Punnett square is a simple square … Read more

Somatic Mutation vs. Germline Mutation- 13 Major Differences

May 3, 2022March 24, 2022 by Prashant Dahal
Somatic Mutation vs. Germline Mutation

A mutation is defined as the sudden change in gene i.e. nucleotide sequences in DNA, which may be qualitative or quantitative change. This may or may not be inheritable. Mutations … Read more

Test Cross (Single, Two, Triple Gene)- Definition, Examples, Uses

May 2, 2022March 23, 2022 by Prashant Dahal
Test Cross Types and Examples

Phenotypic characters can be easily separated just by looking at the individual. It’s not that easy to determine the genotypic character of that same individual. This is because, genetically a … Read more

Divergent Evolution- Definition, Causes, Examples

May 1, 2022March 19, 2022 by Bikash Dwivedi
Divergent Evolution

Evolution refers to the series of gradual changes that can be observed in an organism from ancestors to predecessors in a longer period which can be genetic or phenotypic. Evolution … Read more

Chromosome- History, Cell Division, Mutation, Disorders

May 9, 2022March 17, 2022 by Aiman Fatima
Chromosome

Strasburger discovered the chromosome in 1815; W. Waldeyer introduced the term chromosome in 1888. A chromosome is a thread-like structure in which DNA is packed and coiled around a protein … Read more

Point mutation- Definition, Causes, Mechanism, Types, Examples, Applications

May 10, 2022March 7, 2022 by Anupama Sapkota
Point mutation

Point mutation definition Point mutation is a type of genetic mutation where one of the base pairs in the DNA sequence is altered either by insertion or deletion. Point mutation, … Read more

Convergent Evolution- Definition, Causes, Examples, vs. Divergent

May 1, 2022March 3, 2022 by Bikash Dwivedi
Convergent Evolution

Evolution gives the meaning of gradual changes observed in an organism over a while which gives diagnostic characteristics to them resulting in their proper adaptation to the environment they live … Read more

Chromosomes- Definition, Structure, Types, Model, Functions

February 24, 2022 by Sagar Aryal

What are Chromosomes? In the nucleus of each cell, the DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times … Read more

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