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Genetics

Genetics is a branch of natural science that deals with heredity due to the transmission of genes, gene regulation, and gene manipulation.

  • Genetics is a connecting link between many disciplines like microbiology, biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture.
  • Studies involving genes and chromosomes of living beings began quite late as it requires significant advances in the microscopy area.
  • The influence of heredity and its application of cultivation and production improved organisms, however, had been recognized since ancient times.
  • The study of genes and genetics began as a major concept after studies made by Mendel on pea plants. It was further strengthened and flourished by the works of Morgan.
  • Eventually, genetics became a distinct area of study with the identification of genes and the study of genes at different levels, including their role in the cell, their regulation, and their expression.
  • Initially, genetics was limited to understanding the concept and process of heredity via techniques like the formation of Punnet’s square. With the development of techniques like X-ray diffraction, the structure of DNA, and the presence of genetic code were established. This paved the way for modern genetics.
  • Modern genetics focuses on the chemical composition of structures found in genes like the DNA that influences the chemical reactions taking place in the cell.
  • Gene expression is influenced by two major factors; the genetic composition and the influence of the environment.
  • The influence of the environment on gene expression can be distinctly observed in green plants where the gene responsible for the formation of chlorophyll is only expressed in the presence of sunlight.
  •  Genes, through the proteins they encode, determine how efficiently foods and chemicals are metabolized, how effectively toxins are detoxified, and even how vigorously infections are targeted.
  • Processes like mutations are now a significant cause of major genetic diseases. The mutations might arise due to a complex combination of genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors.

DNA Experiments (Griffith & Avery, McCarty, MacLeod & Hershey, Chase)

August 3, 2022 by Prakriti Karki
DNA Experiments

DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, is the carrier of all genetic information. It codes genetic information passed on from one generation to another and determines individual attributes like eye color, facial features, … Read more

Gene- A Comprehensive Guide

July 31, 2022 by Nidhi Abhay Kulkarni
Gene

A gene is a sequence of DNA that codes for RNA or a Protein. It is the basic unit of hereditary that is passed from one generation to another. The … Read more

Sister Chromatids in mitosis and meiosis with Functions

July 30, 2022 by Mohan Gupta
Sister Chromatids

Sister chromatids are the two identical copies of the same chromosome attached by the structure called the centromere. These sister chromatids are formed during DNA replication. During the cell division, … Read more

Polygenic Inheritance- Definition, Characteristics, Examples

July 29, 2022 by Babita Sharma
Polygenic Inheritance

Polygenic inheritance is defined as some phenotypic character determined by the additive effect of more than one gene on a single character. Polygenic inheritance is commonly known as quantitative inheritance … Read more

Gene Pool- Definition, Working, Types, Evolution, Examples

July 29, 2022July 28, 2022 by Babita Sharma
Gene Pool

Gene pool refers to the collection of the total genes or genetic makeup that can be transferred in the population of a single species from parent to offspring. The Gene … Read more

Trisomy- Definition, Types, Characteristics, Diagnosis

July 29, 2022July 27, 2022 by Mohan Gupta
Trisomy

Trisomy is a genetic condition or chromosomal disorder that results in an extra copy of chromosomes. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes present in humans. An individual with trisomy conditions … Read more

Genetic Variation- Definition, Causes, Types, Examples

July 16, 2022 by Babita Sharma
Genetic Variation

Genetic variation refers to variation (change or difference) of the gene among the members of the same species or individuals. Genotype is the total sum of genetic determinants carried by … Read more

Mutagens- Definition, Types (Physical, Chemical, Biological)

July 16, 2022July 14, 2022 by Mohan Gupta
Mutagens

A mutagen is a chemical, physical, or biological agent that can change the genetic code in DNA resulting in the alterations of the DNA sequences. Similarly, the alterations in the … Read more

Chromatin- Definition, Structure, Microscopic Observation

June 29, 2022 by Suchitra Ajjarapu
Chromatin

Chromatin is defined as a complex of RNA, DNA, and Protein observed in eukaryotic cells. Its prime function lies in the packaging of DNA molecules in a very long denser … Read more

Mendel’s 3 Laws (Segregation, Independent Assortment, Dominance)

May 19, 2022May 16, 2022 by Sagar Aryal
Mendel's Laws

In the 1860s, an Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel introduced a new theory of inheritance based on his experimental work with pea plants. Mendel believed that heredity is the result … Read more

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