Online Biology Notes for undergraduate and graduate students
Botany Notes
Plant Transformation Methods Transformation is defined as the process in which the genetic material of an organism is altered by the integration of new genes into its genome. The transformation is done by using vectors such as plasmids. The importance to produce transgenic plants is to: Improve crop yields. Improvement of varietal traits. transgenic plants … Read more Plant Transformation Methods
Rice bacterial blight and Citrus canker According to Julius Kuhn, plant disease is an abnormal change in physiological processes which disturbs the normal activity of plant organs. Significance Plant disease are important due to the economic loss they cause to the grower. The loss occurs in the field during storage at any time between sowing … Read more Rice bacterial blight and Citrus canker
Plants defense mechanism Plants diseases or phytopathogens affects plants right from the planting stage up to the harvesting and storage of the produce. Consequently, the plants have evolved several different mechanisms by which they defend themselves. These defense mechanisms in plants are termed as “BASAL RESISTANCE”. This term referring to two distinct aspects of plant-pathogen … Read more Plants defense mechanism- structural, histological, chemical
Rust- Plant Fungal Disease Plant diseases caused by pathogenic fungi. Pucciniales (previously also known as Uredinales). Spermagonia Aecia Uredinia Telia Basidia Rusts hosts Apple Pear Wheat Barley Rye Infection area Leaves Petioles Tender shoots Stem Fruits Rusts are named after the reddish rusty looking sori and the disease is usually noticed after rain. The group contains pathogens that … Read more Rust- Plant Fungal Disease
Biological control of plant diseases 1- Parasitoids One parasitoid attack only on one host, and remain alive as a free-living adult in the host. The size of the parasitoids is the same as the host or may be smaller than the host. Mechanism The female parasitoid lays eggs inside or on the insect host. The … Read more Biological and Chemical control of plant diseases
Biofuel Biofuel are the fuel that produces by using agricultural crops and other biomass material within a short period of time. Common commercial used biofuel are bioethanol, biodiesel, and bio methanol. Bioethanol made from sugarcane, sugar beet, and algae. Biodiesel is made from vegetable oil, animal fats and algal lipid and from nonedible crops. Bio … Read more Plants used as a biofuel production
These are the factors for the establishment of plant diseases. Pathogen properties. Properties of the host. Presence/absence of nutritional component. Properties of environment. Image Source: AspenCore, Inc A) Pathogen properties 1. Level of virulence: Pathogen’s ability to infect/damage the host or to infect a resistant gene. 2. Adaptability: The ability of a microbe to grow … Read more Factors for the establishment of plant diseases
Herbarium: Kinds and Functions It is a collection of plant specimens that are pressed, preserved, dead and dried, also arranged in a sequence of classification for future purpose and study. The specimens\sample may be a complete plant or a part of the plant, specimens should be in dried form on a sheet paper. Almost 3000 … Read more Herbarium: Kinds and Functions