Online Biology Notes for students
Basic Microbiology Notes
The three-domain system was first introduced by Carl Woese in 1990 that is why its called Carl Woese’s Classification. This classification system also is known as the Six Kingdoms and Three Domains Classification because it divides the life forms into three domains and six kingdoms. The three-domains of Carl Woese’s Classification system include archaea, bacteria, … Read more Three-domain system (Carl Woese’s Classification)
Toxin manufacturing is the potential of microorganisms known as toxigenesis. It is used by microbes especially by bacteria to induce disease. Bacterial toxins have two types on the basis of their chemical composition called endotoxin, exotoxin. Endotoxin are part of Gram-negative bacteria cell wall and exotoxin are secreted out of a cell by diffusion. These … Read more Endotoxin and Exotoxin with its types
Differences between terminologies used in Microbiology Bacteroides and Bacteroids Bacteroides = It is a Gram-negative obligate anaerobic bacteria. Bacteroids= It is the morphological form of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Rhizobium which is irregular shaped and is present in the root nodules of legumes. Actinomyces and Actinomycetes Actinomyces = It is the genus of Actinomycetes. It … Read more Differences between terminologies used in Microbiology
Biosafety Level 1, 2, 3 and 4 The handling of pathogenic microorganisms is a highly challenging job due to the chances of contamination. Moreover, pathogens involve in causing the disease to a host. Bio-safety is a concept by which a person can take necessary precautions against infectious agents in a laboratory environment. Bio-safety level refers … Read more Biosafety Level 1, 2, 3 and 4 with comparison
Rapid Diagnostic Test vs Real-Time PCR (qPCR) There are several diagnostic tests that have been authorized for Emergency Use by the FDA for diagnosis of a wide range of infections. Notably, these diagnostic tests aim at identifying an infected individual from a non-infected person, using different working principles and duration for the tests vary. Diagnostic … Read more Differences between Real-Time PCR and Rapid Diagnostic Test
Bacteriophage- Structure, Classification, Application The virus that infects only bacterial cells (bacteria eater) Known as naturally abundant obligate intracellular parasites Niche- present where bacteria or archaea reside Diversity is more than the number of bacteria in nature Small size causes it to beyond the limits of light microscope resolution Smallest bacteriophage: 20 nanometers in diameter, … Read more Bacteriophage- Structure, Classification, Application
Environmental Factors affecting Microbial Growth Apart from nutritional components growth of the microbes are also dependent on several environmental factors. These factors play an important role in understanding the growth pattern of a microbe. Apart from that, it is important to understand these factors especially in an industrial set up where a huge amount of … Read more Environmental Factors affecting Microbial Growth
Probiotic strains and their Human benefits What are Probiotics? Probiotics are living microorganisms that are intended to have health benefits when consumed or applied to the body. They are majorly found in milk products like yogurt, cheese, fermented foods, and food supplements. The Science of microorganisms has shown that most bacterial characteristics are similar morphologically … Read more Probiotic strains and their Human benefits
Microbial Growth and Nutrition Micro and Macro Nutrients The microbial cell is made up of several elements such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron. These are also known as macro elements or macronutrients because these elements are required in high amounts by the microbes. Among these, C, H, O, … Read more Microbial Growth and Nutrition
GRAM NEGATIVE These are the characteristics of Gram-negative bacteria Cytoplasmic content is present means periplasm is present. The much thicker Peptidoglycan layer is present in gram-negative than gram-positive bacteria. The outer membrane of gram-negative contains LPS ( lipopolysaccharides) that contain, core polysaccharides, Lipid- A, and O- Antigen). Porins present in the outer membrane, that act … Read more Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria with commercial uses