Echo, Author at The Biology Notes

Antimicrobial Drugs and Their Evolution of Resistance

August 11, 2021January 16, 2021 by Echo

Antimicrobial Drugs compounds that kill or control the growth of microorganisms in the host (in vivo) effective antimicrobial drugs exhibit selective toxicity they inhibit or kill the pathogens without adversely affecting the hosts antimicrobial drugs classified based on their molecular structure, mechanism of action and spectrum of antimicrobial activity major antimicrobial drug groups: antibacterial drugs (antibiotics and synthetic drugs), antifungal drugs, antiparasitic drugs, and antiviral drugs How to Select Antimicrobial Drugs? Based on: Nature of microbe causing the infection Degree … Read more

Transmission of Plant Viruses

August 11, 2021January 13, 2021 by Echo

Plant viruses are transmitted from plant to plant in several ways. The mode of transmission includes: Vegetative propagation Mechanically through sap Through seed, pollen, dodder By specific insects, mites, nematodes, and fungi Image Sources: Crop Nutrition Laboratory Services Ltd. and https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7917.12470 Transmission by Vegetative Propagation Whenever plants are propagated vegetatively by budding or grafting, any viruses present in the mother plant will almost always be transmitted to the progeny By cuttings, by bulbs, by corms, by rhizomes, by tubers, by … Read more

Bacteriophage- Structure, Classification, Application

August 11, 2021January 10, 2021 by Echo

Bacteriophage- Structure, Classification, Application The virus that infects only bacterial cells (bacteria eater) Known as naturally abundant obligate intracellular parasites Niche- present where bacteria or archaea reside Diversity is more than the number of bacteria in nature Small size causes it to beyond the limits of light microscope resolution Smallest bacteriophage: 20 nanometers in diameter, largest bacteriophage: 500 nanometers in diameter Structure of Bacteriophage Each bacteriophage consists of the nucleic acid genome that enclosed in a protein coat, known as … Read more

Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7

August 11, 2021January 9, 2021 by Echo

What is Escherichia coli O157:H7? Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a serotype of enterohemorrhagic E. coli which is Shiga toxin-producing. It produces Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) and/or Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) as the virulence factors that contribute to its pathogenicity by the formation of attachment and effacing (A/E) lesions on human intestinal epithelium. The minimum temperature for the E.coli O157:H7 to grow is about 8-10°C while the optimum temperature for the growth of E.coli O157:H7 is 37°C. At the maximum temperature … Read more

Superbugs as Global Crisis

January 23, 2020 by Echo

Superbugs microbes that become resistant to the drugs that should destroy and kill them can be bacterial or fungal strains Image Source: Tincture and Business Insider Sources/ Factors of Resistance Natural selection Antibiotic resistance gene “flow” in nature Resistance genes in plasmids transferred from one bacteria to another Resistant microorganisms become predominant in the environment through biological mechanisms of microbial competition and genetic exchange Drugs in animal feed Antibiotics used in animal feed to prevent disease and promote the growth … Read more