Online Biology Notes for undergraduate and graduate students
Echo 
Superbugs microbes that become resistant to the drugs that should destroy and kill them can be bacterial or fungal strains Image Source: Tincture and Business Insider Sources/ Factors of Resistance Natural selection Antibiotic resistance gene “flow” in nature Resistance genes in plasmids transferred from one bacteria to another Resistant microorganisms become predominant in the environment … Read more Superbugs as Global Crisis
Antimicrobial Drugs compounds that kill or control the growth of microorganisms in the host (in vivo) effective antimicrobial drugs exhibit selective toxicity they inhibit or kill the pathogens without adversely affecting the hosts antimicrobial drugs classified based on their molecular structure, mechanism of action and spectrum of antimicrobial activity major antimicrobial drug groups: antibacterial drugs … Read more Antimicrobial Drugs and Their Evolution of Resistance
Plant viruses are transmitted from plant to plant in several ways. The mode of transmission includes: Vegetative propagation Mechanically through sap Through seed, pollen, dodder By specific insects, mites, nematodes, and fungi Image Sources: Crop Nutrition Laboratory Services Ltd. and https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7917.12470 Transmission by Vegetative Propagation Whenever plants are propagated vegetatively by budding or grafting, any … Read more Transmission of Plant Viruses
Bacteriophage- Structure, Classification, Application The virus that infects only bacterial cells (bacteria eater) Known as naturally abundant obligate intracellular parasites Niche- present where bacteria or archaea reside Diversity is more than the number of bacteria in nature Small size causes it to beyond the limits of light microscope resolution Smallest bacteriophage: 20 nanometers in diameter, … Read more Bacteriophage- Structure, Classification, Application
What is Escherichia coli O157:H7? Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a serotype of enterohemorrhagic E. coli which is Shiga toxin-producing. It produces Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) and/or Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) as the virulence factors that contribute to its pathogenicity by the formation of attachment and effacing (A/E) lesions on human intestinal epithelium. The minimum temperature … Read more Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7