All Notes (Categories wise)

Agricultural Microbiology Notes

Biofertilizer- Types and Uses
Biological and Chemical control of plant diseases
Biopesticides – Bacterial, Viral and Fungal
Crown Gall Disease
Factors for the establishment of plant diseases
Nitrogen related common terms with definitions
Organic Compost and Vermicomposting
Plant Breeding- Steps and Significance
Plant diseases caused by Virus, Bacteria, Mycoplasma, Fungi
Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
Plant Transformation Methods
Plants defense mechanism- structural, histological, chemical
Rice bacterial blight and Citrus canker
Rust- Plant Fungal Disease

 

Bacteriology Notes

Bacterial diseases- pathogen, symptom, prevention, treatment
Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria
Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7
Ideonella sakaiensis- Plastic eating bacteria
Isolation and Identification of Vibrio cholerae from faecal sample
Pathogenicity and Clinical manifestation of Salmonella Typhi
Plague and its forms caused by Yersinia pestis
Quorum Sensing in Bacteria
Solute Transport Mechanisms in Bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus
Superbugs as Global Crisis
The Bacterial Cell Wall
Treponema pallidum – An Overview
Vancomycin-resistant bacteria: VRSA and VRE

 

Biology Notes

Bioplastic – Definition, Type, Advantages, Disadvantages
Cell signaling and cAMP-mediated pathway
Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids
Group Selection and Altruism
Phytohormones (Plant hormones)

 

Basic Microbiology Notes

Bacteriophage- Structure, Classification, Application
Biosafety Level 1, 2, 3 and 4 with comparison
Capsule, Flagella, Pili (Fimbriae), Glycocalyx (Slime Layer)
Cell signaling and cAMP-mediated pathway
Culture media used in microbiology
Differences between Real-Time PCR and Rapid Diagnostic Test
Differences between terminologies used in Microbiology
Direct and Viable Microbial Count Methods
Effect of pathogens on plants
Endotoxin and Exotoxin with its types
Environmental Factors affecting Microbial Growth
Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria with commercial uses
Gut Microbiome impact on human gastrointestinal tract
Microbial Growth and Nutrition
Paramecium caudatum- Habitat, Culture, Structure, Locomotion
Probiotic strains and their Human benefits
Solute Transport Mechanisms in Bacteria
Sterilization- physical and chemical methods
Terminology used in Basic Microbiology
Three-domain system (Carl Woese’s Classification)
VIVA Alert: Basic Microbiology with mnemonics

 

Biochemistry Notes

Amino acids and Proteins
Amino acids and Proteins- Definition, Structure, Types, Functions
Biochemistry of Hepatitis A (Biochemical Tests)
Biosynthesis of cholesterol and its regulation
Buffer Solutions
Carbohydrates- definition, classification with structure and functions
Diabetes and its treatment by 4 FDA Approved Drugs
Eicosanoids – definition, classes, functions, synthesis
Enzyme Inhibitors- Competitive, Noncompetitive, End-product inhibition
Enzymes- Definition, Structure, Types, Mode of action, Functions
Experimental techniques in Chemistry
Factors affecting enzyme action and immobilized enzymes
Fate of Pyruvate (Fate of End product of Glycolytic pathway)
Gluconeogenesis- De novo synthesis of Glucose
Glycogen metabolism- Breakdown and Biosynthesis of Glycogen
Glycolysis 10 Steps with Diagram and ATP Formation
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis- An Overview and Summary
How other carbohydrates enter into glycolytic pathway ?
Lipids- Definition, Structure and Functions, Fatty acids
Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation
Nitrogenous Waste, Urea cycle and Formation of uric acid
Pancreatic hormones
Pentose phosphate pathway- An Overview and Summary
Phytohormones (Plant hormones)
Process of Glyoxylate cycle- An Overview and Summary
Testing for Biological Molecules
Water- Definition, Structure, Characteristics, Properties, Functions

 

Bioinformatics Notes

 

Biotechnology Notes

Biofertilizer- Types and Uses
Citric Acid Production
Design of a Fermenter
Edible Vaccines- Plant Used, Steps, Advantages
Ethanol Production
Fermentation of Vinegar
Methods to control plant nematodes
Plant Breeding- Steps and Significance
Plants used as a biofuel production
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Quorum Sensing in Bacteria
Somaclonal Variation
Vectors for gene cloning: Plasmids and Bacteriophage

 

Botany Notes

Biological and Chemical control of plant diseases
Factors for the establishment of plant diseases
Herbarium: Kinds and Functions
Plant diseases caused by Virus, Bacteria, Mycoplasma, Fungi
Plant Taxonomy- Definition, History, Classification, Types
Plant Transformation Methods
Plants defense mechanism- structural, histological, chemical
Plants used as a biofuel production
Rice bacterial blight and Citrus canker
Rust- Plant Fungal Disease

 

Cancer Notes

Mesothelioma and Chances of Getting Mesothelioma

 

Cell Biology Notes

Capsule, Flagella, Pili (Fimbriae), Glycocalyx (Slime Layer)
Cell Inclusion Bodies
Cell membrane- Definition, Composition, Structure, Functions
Cell Organelles (Plant and Animal)- Structure, Functions, Diagrams
Centrioles and Basal Bodies- Definition, Structure, Functions
Cilia- Definition, Structure, Ultrastructure, Functions
Detailed description of eukaryotic nucleus
Golgi body (Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex)- Properties, Structure, Functions
Lysosomes- Definition, Structure, Enzymes, Types, Functions
Microtubules- Definition, Structure, Composition, Functions
Mitochondria- Definition, Properties, Structure, Functions
Nucleus- Definition, Structure, Composition, Functions, Worksheet
Ribosome- Definition, Types, Structure, Composition, Functions
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)- Definition, Structure, Functions
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum- Definition, Structure, Functions

 

Diseases Notes

Bacterial Foodborne Illness
COVID-19: A Wake-up call for Disease X Preparedness
Cysticercosis- Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment
Dermatophytosis- Epidemiology, Clinical Types, Culture Characteristics
Examples of Single Gene Disorders
List of disorders due to chromosomal aberration
Plague and its forms caused by Yersinia pestis
Prenatal detection and screening of genetic disorder
SARS-CoV-2- Infection, ACE-2 gene, herd immunity, vaccines
Some common viral disease, symptom, prevention, treatment
Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar)- Causes, Lab diagnosis, Treatments

 

Environmental Microbiology Notes

Difference between biodegradation and bioremediation

 

Epidemiology Notes

Epidemiology of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2

 

Food Microbiology Notes

Bacterial Foodborne Illness
Beer production
Citric Acid Production
Ethanol Production
Factors affecting microbes in foods
Fermentation of Vinegar
Malnutrition in Nepal with 5 major causes of high rate
Mycotoxins- Related to Food Microbiology
Probiotic strains and their Human benefits
Probiotics and Prebiotics

 

Human Anatomy and Physiology Notes

Pancreatic hormones
Physiological overview of nervous system
Prenatal detection and screening of genetic disorder

 

Immunology Notes

Active and Passive Immunity- Definition, Types, Differences
Antibodies- Definition, Structure, Types, Forms, Functions
Antigens- Definition, Properties, Types & Antigen Recognition
Brain’s Immune system- Microglial cells
COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test for antibodies detection
Differences between Real-Time PCR and Rapid Diagnostic Test
Hematopoiesis and Cells of the Immune system
Hypersensitivity Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV
Immunity- Immune System and Immunization
Immunological Techniques
Inflammation – definition, types, causes and treatment
Inflammatory Mediators
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)- Types and Pathways
MHC Molecules, Antigen Processing and Presentation
Monoclonal Antibodies- Definition, Types, Production, Applications
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) & innate immune system
Primary and Secondary Immune Response with 11 differences
Vaccines- Definition, Types, Examples, Side Effects

 

Instrumentation Notes

 

Laboratory Tests Notes

COVID-19 diagnosis: Abbott RealTime SARS-CoV-2 assay
COVID-19 Diagnostic Test: Abbott ID NOW COVID-19
COVID-19 Diagnostic Test: Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test for antibodies detection

 

Molecular Biology Notes

Cell Transformation (normal cells to cancerous cells)
Chemical Factor of Mutation
COVID-19 diagnosis: Abbott RealTime SARS-CoV-2 assay
Differences between Real-Time PCR and Rapid Diagnostic Test
DNA- Definition, Properties, Structure, Composition, Types, Functions
List of disorders due to chromosomal aberration
Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP)
Microbial Genetics
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
RNA Interference (RNAi)
Vectors for gene cloning: Plasmids and Bacteriophage
Vectors- characteristics, classification, features, types

 

Mycology Notes

Aspergillus and Respiratory Infections
Candidiasis- Opportunistic Mycoses
Dermatophytosis- Epidemiology, Clinical Types, Culture Characteristics
Fungal Structure
Mucormycosis (The black fungus)- An Overview
Mycology VIVA Question and Answer
Mycotoxins- Related to Food Microbiology

 

Parasitology Notes

Ancylostoma duodenale- An Overview
Ascaris lumbricoides- Digestive, Respiration, Excretory, Nervous System
Ascaris lumbricoides- Habitat and External Morphology
Ascaris lumbricoides- Lab Diagnosis, Treatments, Prophylaxis
Ascaris lumbricoides- Life cycle, pathogenicity, clinical manifestation
Cysticercosis- Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment
Entamoeba histolytica- Morphology, Epidemiology, Life cycle, Pathogenesis, Clinical findings
Fasciola hepatica- Common liver fluke or Sheep liver fluke
Giardia duodenalis (Giardia lamblia or Giardia intestinalis)
Leishmania donovani- Habitat, Morphology and Life Cycle
Methods to control plant nematodes
Parasitic adaptation of flatworms and diseases caused by flatworm
Parasitology VIVA Question and Answer
Plasmodium and Malaria
Plasmodium vivax- Habitat, Characteristics, Structure, Life cycle
Plasmodium vivax- Life Cycle in Man and in Mosquito
Protozoa- Locomotory organelles and locomotion methods
Reproductive system of Ascaris lumbricoides
Strongyloides stercoralis (Parasitic Roundworm)- A Threadworm
Taenia solium- Classification, Habitat, Structure, Body wall
Taenia solium- Life history, development and adaptations
Taenia solium- Nutrition, respiration, excretory, nervous, reproductive system
Types of parasitism in protozoa and human diseases
Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar)- Causes, Lab diagnosis, Treatments

 

Pharmacology Notes

Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance
Antimicrobial Drugs and Their Evolution of Resistance
Aspirin and other salicylic acid derivatives
Chloroquine- Definition, Properties, Uses, Mechanism of action, Side effects
Dexamethasone- Definition, properties, uses, interactions, side effects
Favipiravir- Definition, properties, uses, mechanism, side effects
Hydroxychloroquine- Definition, characteristics, uses, side effects, interactions
Prostaglandins and Therapeutic use of Prostaglandins
Remdesivir- Definition, Mechanism of Action, Uses, Synthesis
Some common antibiotics and their effects
The Five Study Tips for Pharmacology to Ace Your Grades in Nursing School

 

Virology Notes

Bacteriophage- Structure, Classification, Application
Biochemistry of Hepatitis A (Biochemical Tests)
Chicken Pox (Varicella-zoster virus)
COVID-19 – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
COVID-19 diagnosis: Abbott RealTime SARS-CoV-2 assay
COVID-19 Diagnostic Test: Abbott ID NOW COVID-19
COVID-19 Diagnostic Test: Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test for antibodies detection
Diagnosis of Novel Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)
Disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 is officially called COVID-19
Epidemiology of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2
Having the symptoms doesn’t always confirm COVID-19
Hepatitis C
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Influenza virus- Structure, Types, Life Cycle
Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) and MMR Vaccine
MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 and Spanish flu
Novel Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (Updated 2020)
Outbreak of Wuhan pneumonia 2019-20 (2019-nCoV)
Poliovirus and Polio Vaccines
SARS-CoV-2- Infection, ACE-2 gene, herd immunity, vaccines
Some common viral disease, symptom, prevention, treatment
Transmission of Plant Viruses
Treatment, Vaccine and Management of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)
Use of Convalescent Plasma to treat COVID-19 patients (FAQs)
Viral Diseases of Leaf
Virology VIVA Question and Answer with mnemonics
Virus Classification on the basis of morphology and replication

 

Zoology Notes

Amoeba proteus- Habitat, Culture and Structures
Amoeba proteus- Nutrition, Respiration, Excretion, Osmoregulation
Arthropoda- 4 types of the respiratory systems
Aurelia (A Jellyfish)- An Overview
Circulatory system of earthworm
Digestive System of Earthworm
Earthworm- Habit, Habitat, Morphology, Bodywall, Locomotion
Earthworm- Reproductive System, Copulation, Cocoon formation
Economic Importance (Beneficial and Harmful) of Insects
Economic Importance of Earthworm
Euglena viridis- An overview
Excretory or Nephridial System of Earthworm
Feeding mechanism in Paramecium
Hormones of Insects Body and Metamorphosis in insect
Hydra- Habit, Habitat, External Morphology, Internal Structures
Hydra- Locomotion, nutrition, respiration, excretion, nervous system, behaviours
Hydra- Reproduction (Budding and Sexual), Regeneration, Immortality
Nervous System of Earthworm
Paramecium caudatum- Habitat, Culture, Structure, Locomotion
Parasitic adaptation of flatworms and diseases caused by flatworm
Protozoa- Locomotory organelles and locomotion methods
Reproduction in Paramecium
Sense Organs of Earthworm
Vorticella (Bell Animalcule)- An Overview
Wuchereria bancrofti- Habitat, Morphology and Life Cycle