What is Mucormycosis? Mucormycosis is an infection caused by several species of filamentous molds belonging to the order Mucorales. The infections usually occur in immunocompromised individuals with one or more underlying conditions. The fungi responsible for these infections are found in different environmental niches like soil, decaying vegetables, bread, and even dust. …
Introduction Giardia duodenalis is also known as Giardia lamblia and Giardia intestinalis. It is a flagellated unicellular eukaryotic microorganism that colonizes and reproduces in the small intestine. It commonly causes a gastrointestinal condition known as Giardiasis. Classification of Giardia duodenalis There are five species of Giardia, out of that, G. intestinalis infects humans …
What are Monoclonal antibodies? The body naturally produces antibodies, which are elements of the immune system produced by B-lymphocytes, that bind to foreign proteins in the body known as antigens, which the aim of eliminating them. They naturally circulate in the body searching for foreign bodies (antigens) and ones they attach to …
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules characteristics The Major Histocompatibility complex is a genetic locus that encodes the glycoprotein molecules (transplantation antigens) which are responsible for tissue rejection of grafts between genetically unidentical individuals. It is also the molecule that binds the peptide antigens processed by Antigen-presenting Cells and presents them to T-cells, …
Hydra reproduces asexually by budding and sexually by the formation of gametes. Asexual reproduction of Hydra by Budding Figure: Hydra Budding. 1. Non-reproducing, 2. Creating a bud, 3. Daughter growing out, 4. Beginning to cleave, 5. Daughter broken off, 6. Daughter clone of the parent. Image Source: A.houghton19 (Wikimedia). Budding is a form of …
Antigens Definition An antigen is a substance or an element that has the ability to induce an immune response. Antigens are foreign substances and they are known to provoke the immune system to produce proteins known as antibodies, which act upon these antigens to eliminate them from the host. Antigens are foreign, …
Locomotion in Hydra Hydras are essentially sessile animals. They live attached by their pedal discs to objects in the water. Brown and green hydras can remain fixed at one spot for a considerable time, but green hydras often move about from place to place by several ingenious devices. They twist about or …
Introduction and History for Antibodies These are protein molecules naturally produced or synthesized by the B-lymphocytes. They are also known as Immunoglobulins. The use of the term antibody defines an Immunoglobulin molecule that has specificity for an epitope of the molecules that make up antigens. Produced and secreted by plasma cells, antibodies …
Immunity Definition Immunity can be defined as the ability of a multicellular organism’s body to protect themselves from foreign agents and infectious agents, by being able to destroy them to prevent further body infections. Immunity to infectious microorganisms can be achieved by active or passive immunization. In each case, immunity can be …
What are the cells of the Immune system? The immune system is made up of different immune organs and tissues located all over the body. The immune organs are categorized based on their functions and there are two main categorize, which include: Primary lymphoid organs provide a development and maturation site for …